美国健康协会对水污染的解释和怎么挑选水处理设备，

西山

9 s3 P6 B/ g# C7 B, s+ n' i什么您应该知道您的饮用水 0 \* \% j8 U" @7 l( `8 P .美国和加拿大，以及其他大多数工业化国家，有权利对他们的饮用水而感到自豪。 $ z% d, x# A/ s5 K5 ~5 ~ ( d* `6 F1 m0 x/ I .公共用水安全，是上个世纪的胜利之一。 6 p( _! ?1 p" Y8 Z0 `$ \ .这并不意味着没有什么可担心的。时刻提高警觉，研究和新的投资是必不可少的。 : ^% r1 [4 J) _* [ .一些饮用水可能含有铅或砷危险水平。 # _! J. H. a; E .私人水井城市供水一样，需要定期监测。 ; @! }9 q% J) n$ ?: I .保持供水安全，是政府持续关注和人民。 * W1 ~; n6 M0 P4 I Public drinking water公众饮用水 . Back to Longevity回到长寿

waterok

这个是相对简单的一些介绍吧.

西山

众饮用水

& V; g1 c# F2 W* XYour local water supplier is required by law to notify you if there's any reason your water is unsafe.您当地的水供应商须依法通知您如果有任何原因的水是不安全的。 Furthermore, the Safe Water Drinking Act requires all water suppliers to issue their customers an annual report on the source and quality of the water—including a list of contaminant levels.此外，安全饮水法规定，所有的水供应商问题上的客户提供的来源及水质的年度报告，包括污染物含量名单。 Municipal water is tested for micro-organisms, organic and inorganic chemicals, disinfectants, disinfectant by-products, and radioactive substances. If your copy of the report has not come in the mail, call your water company.市政水的微生物，微生物，有机和无机化学品，消毒剂，消毒副产物和放射性物质。如果你的一份报告并没有在邮件中来，打电话给你的自来水公司。

Though your water company is responsible for keeping the water safe, lead can get into the supply after the water has left the treatment plant.虽然您的自来水公司为保持水的安全负责，铅可以进入供应的水后，已离开处理厂。 Arsenic may also be a problem in some areas, mainly the Southwest.砷也可能是在一些地区问题，主要是西南地区。
. ]8 q1 P) o5 W: B! K8 B2 G
& M* w4 e* c( P5 u- j% d/ b5 }A well of your own阿好你自己

8 ?3 P: M7 e( i& }, x# IAbout 40 million Americans and 4 million Canadians get their water from private wells.约40万美国人和400万加拿大人从私人水井中取水。 If you are one of them, water safety becomes your own responsibility.如果你是其中之一，饮水安全成为您自己的责任。

$ F7 P) R, b0 L7 y, G- C' z$ IAny water system can be affected temporarily by spills, agricultural runoff, including pesticides, and short-term treatment problems.任何水系统可以暂时由泄漏的影响，农业径流，包括杀虫剂，和短期的处理问题。 And private wells can contain lead or arsenic.和私人水井可以包含铅或砷。 Your local health department can tell you which contaminants are typically found in your area.当地的卫生部门可以告诉您哪些污染物通常是在您的区域中找到。 It can also supply a list of certified labs to test the water for you.它也可以提供经认证的实验室名单，以测试你的水。 You can also call the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline for a list of labs (see below).您也可以要求对实验室名单环保局安全饮用水热线（见下文）。
If your water proves substandard, you can use a filtration system—anything from a filtering pitcher to an elaborate point-of-entry system that filters all the water coming into your house.如果你的水证明标准，可以使用一个过滤系统，过滤，从任何一个投手的精心点输入系统，过滤所有的水到你家来。 You can also consider bottled water.您也可以考虑瓶装水。
$ a0 {1 w1 Z& l$ H) x
You may want a filtration system even if your water is safe—simply to improve the taste or to remove excess minerals. The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), an independent, nonprofit organization, is a good source of information on filters.你可能想过滤系统，即使你的水是安全的，只是为了改善口味，或能消除多余的矿物质。国家卫生基金会（NSF），一个独立的，非盈利性组织，是一个良好的过滤器的信息来源。 It tests products and certifies that they meet certain standards.它的测试和认证的产品，只要符合一定的标准。

西山

有机污染物：微生物
& ]$ @4 e$ W8 e- _- S
4 s5 w7 p% J4 I1 ]1 o4 fParasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are transmitted via animal and human waste, are removed by proper filtration (chlorination alone is not sufficient).如贾第虫和隐孢子虫，这是通过动物和人类废物寄生虫传染的，将被删除并辅以适当的过滤（氯化单靠）。 If Cryptosporidium gets into the water in large amounts, it can cause serious illness and death, as in an outbreak in Milwaukee in 1993, in which 100 people died and 400,000 were sickened.如果隐入水中获取了大量，它可能导致严重的疾病和死亡，如在1993年爆发的密尔沃基市，在其中100人死亡，40万人生病。 But municipal water systems usually do a good job of controlling such parasites, and of warning the public if the water does become contaminated.但是，市政供水系统，通常做这种寄生虫控制工作，并提醒市民如果水不被污染。
8 c- t# ^: \- ^! J4 a. P, A6 z
5 k! r& p3 _& q' A, a  |What to do: If you discover that your water has Cryptosporidium, particularly if someone in your household has a weakened immune system (due to chemotherapy, for instance, or infection with HIV), boil the water for a minute or two. 怎么办：如果你发现你的水已隐，特别是如果在你的家庭有一个人的免疫系统减弱（由于化疗，例如，或艾滋病毒感染），煮一两分钟的水。 Some filtration systems remove parasites.一些过滤系统去除寄生虫。 NSF can tell you which filter to buy. NSF可以告诉你的过滤器来购买。

西山

主意下面的红字，美国对各种净水设备的说法。
; _4 R6 H8 Q; z4 Z! o无机污染物
, U$ ]; f9 @% n& T# t5 o
Lead. The dangers of lead poisoning are well known, especially for children and pregnant women. 铅。铅中毒的危险是众所周知的，尤其是对儿童和孕妇。 Lead gets into water via plumbing: service lines, pipes, solder, and brass faucets, especially when they're new.铅获得通过管道把水：服务线路，管道，焊接，和黄铜水龙头，特别是当他们新的。 Even lead-free copper pipes may be soldered with lead.即使是无铅铜管，可与铅焊接。 Soft water (that is, with low mineral content) is more acidic than hard water and thus more likely to leach lead out of pipes.软水（即低矿物质含量）更比硬水酸性，因此更容易溶解导致管道内。 Lead was banned from plumbing pipes in 1986 (though the ban did not take effect in some states until 1988), but even the newest faucets may still contain some lead.铅是从水暖管道在1986年禁止（禁止虽然没有采取一些州生效，直到1988年），但即使是最新的水龙头可能仍然含有一些铅。
' v  q8 r7 d9 k( a$ z1 Q
0 j; [# g2 p& T2 nTo test for lead, which is important if a woman in your household is pregnant or if you have infants or small children, call the local health department or your water company, which may offer free testing, or contact the EPA.为了测试铅，这一点非常重要，如果在你的家庭妇女怀孕或如果你有婴儿或小孩，请当地卫生部门或您的水公司，该公司可以提供免费检测，或联系环保局。 Testing is usually inexpensive and can reveal whether the problem, if any, comes from the service line outside or from pipes and faucets in your house.测试通常是价格低廉，可填报的问题，如有的话，从外部或从管道和水龙头服务在您的房子联机。 (You send a first-draw sample to the lab, and another sample after running the water for a specific time, so it's possible to tell which pipes are the source of any lead.) Be sure you use a government-certified lab. （您发送第一提请样品的实验室，另外在运行某一特定时间的水样，所以它可以判断哪些管道是任何铅的来源。）请确保您使用的是政府认可的实验室。
( j! c6 S6 N2 p4 B% w
% ?, R0 l- |5 i$ p/ t8 C3 _7 GIf you do have a high level of lead (over 15 parts per billion in the first-draw sample, or 5 parts per billion in later samples), consider installing a point-of-entry or under-the-sink reverse-osmosis filtration device (see below).如果你确实有大量的铅水平（超过15亿分之第一绘制样品，或10亿分之5在以后的样品），考虑安装的点入境或不足的，水槽逆渗透过滤设备（见下文）。 If the later samples show high lead, notify your water supplier.如果后来的样本显示高铅，通知您的水供应。

1 U7 ~' D; A+ [, O  V
• For less severe problems, use a filtering pitcher or a faucet-mounted filter. Check the NSF certification on the filter to make sure it removes lead.不太严重的问题•使用的过滤投手或水龙头安装过滤器。请检查过滤器的NSF认证，以确保它删除领先。 • If the lead comes from the faucet, let the water run for one minute before drinking it or cooking with it, particularly if the water hasn't been run for several hours. •如果从水龙头领导来了，让水一分钟饮用之前运行，或与它做饭，特别是如果没有水的几个小时运行。 And don't use hot water for cooking, drinking, or mixing infant formula.与不使用做饭，饮用，或婴儿奶粉混合热水。 Hot water dissolves lead more quickly than cold.铅溶于热水比冷水更快。 You can also replace your faucets with low-lead ones.您也可以替换低铅的您的水龙头。

西山

主意下面的红字，美国对各种净水设备的说法。
7 @: I: b! o0 k4 s# S$ u* b0 e/ d' b无机污染物

1 [1 g5 G0 Q) Y  Z5 T+ O' R% @' aLead. The dangers of lead poisoning are well known, especially for children and pregnant women. 铅。铅中毒的危险是众所周知的，尤其是对儿童和孕妇。 Lead gets into water via plumbing: service lines, pipes, solder, and brass faucets, especially when they're new.铅获得通过管道把水：服务线路，管道，焊接，和黄铜水龙头，特别是当他们新的。 Even lead-free copper pipes may be soldered with lead.即使是无铅铜管，可与铅焊接。 Soft water (that is, with low mineral content) is more acidic than hard water and thus more likely to leach lead out of pipes.软水（即低矿物质含量）更比硬水酸性，因此更容易溶解导致管道内。 Lead was banned from plumbing pipes in 1986 (though the ban did not take effect in some states until 1988), but even the newest faucets may still contain some lead.铅是从水暖管道在1986年禁止（禁止虽然没有采取一些州生效，直到1988年），但即使是最新的水龙头可能仍然含有一些铅。
! [7 W$ I0 I; d4 P  q7 ]. I
9 p# P1 n1 ~/ Z) X4 J8 ]5 O% I* ZTo test for lead, which is important if a woman in your household is pregnant or if you have infants or small children, call the local health department or your water company, which may offer free testing, or contact the EPA.为了测试铅，这一点非常重要，如果在你的家庭妇女怀孕或如果你有婴儿或小孩，请当地卫生部门或您的水公司，该公司可以提供免费检测，或联系环保局。 Testing is usually inexpensive and can reveal whether the problem, if any, comes from the service line outside or from pipes and faucets in your house.测试通常是价格低廉，可填报的问题，如有的话，从外部或从管道和水龙头服务在您的房子联机。 (You send a first-draw sample to the lab, and another sample after running the water for a specific time, so it's possible to tell which pipes are the source of any lead.) Be sure you use a government-certified lab. （您发送第一提请样品的实验室，另外在运行某一特定时间的水样，所以它可以判断哪些管道是任何铅的来源。）请确保您使用的是政府认可的实验室。
- j& A* N1 C$ \) Y: l# w8 D
# H, @! [* c% n+ ]9 d7 dIf you do have a high level of lead (over 15 parts per billion in the first-draw sample, or 5 parts per billion in later samples), consider installing a point-of-entry or under-the-sink reverse-osmosis filtration device (see below).如果你确实有大量的铅水平（超过15亿分之第一绘制样品，或10亿分之5在以后的样品），考虑安装的点入境或不足的，水槽逆渗透过滤设备（见下文）。 If the later samples show high lead, notify your water supplier.如果后来的样本显示高铅，通知您的水供应。
- r8 T( d: ~$ G! _  i( D& ~3 |5 L
# A* S2 S  [! A/ h# y
9 u7 a. ~0 Y1 {% p2 t• For less severe problems, use a filtering pitcher or a faucet-mounted filter. Check the NSF certification on the filter to make sure it removes lead.不太严重的问题•使用的过滤投手或水龙头安装过滤器。请检查过滤器的NSF认证，以确保它删除领先。 • If the lead comes from the faucet, let the water run for one minute before drinking it or cooking with it, particularly if the water hasn't been run for several hours. •如果从水龙头领导来了，让水一分钟饮用之前运行，或与它做饭，特别是如果没有水的几个小时运行。 And don't use hot water for cooking, drinking, or mixing infant formula.与不使用做饭，饮用，或婴儿奶粉混合热水。 Hot water dissolves lead more quickly than cold.铅溶于热水比冷水更快。 You can also replace your faucets with low-lead ones.您也可以替换低铅的您的水龙头。

西山

通过的氯化产品。大多数美国人（80％）饮用氯化水。 Chlorine kills many harmful microorganisms, including those that cause cholera, typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis, and other waterborne diseases.氯杀死许多有害的微生物，包括那些引起霍乱，伤寒，痢疾，肝炎和其他水传播的疾病。 Thus chlorination has saved countless lives and is one reason for the great increase in life expectancy since 1900.因此，氯化挽救了无数生命，是一个预期寿命自1900年以来大幅增加的原因。

' h: r9 `: e$ H: X2 ABut chlorination has its downside.但氯化有其不利的一面。 While it's effective against bacteria, it kills only some viruses, such as polio and the Coxsackie virus.虽然它的对细菌有效，但只有部分死亡，如小儿麻痹症和柯萨奇病毒的病毒。 Chlorine undergoes many changes when added to water.氯经历时，加入水很多变化。 It turns into hypochlorous acid, which combines with practically anything, including bacteria (they die in the process, which is how disinfection works).原来（死在这个过程中，它是如何消毒设施）将次氯酸，与实际相结合的东西，包括细菌。 In very large amounts, the by-products of chlorine increase the risk of cancer.在非常大的数额，增加了氯产品的患癌症的风险。 Whether these chlorine by-products are harmful in trace amounts has been under study for many years.无论这些由氯产品是有害的微量已根据多年的研究。 As a result of recent research, the EPA has set new limits on the amount of such by-products permitted in water—regulations 由于最近的研究结果，美国环保局已对这样的新的数量限制，允许在水产品法规

西山

主意美国对水中添加食品添加剂的说法。红字
3 G0 A- i6 J) G- g# v5 M; S- X1 H6 ]据美国环保局，氯胺是越来越多地取代治疗在美国水无机氯，它是不太可能产生潜在的有害副产品。 Ask your water company what it is using.自来水公司要求你是什么用。

Arsenic. This natural element, highly poisonous in large amounts, can leach into the water from the ground or from industrial waste, and it can be expensive for water systems to eliminate it. 砷。这种自然元素，在大量高毒，可以渗入水从地面或工业废料，它可用于供水系统的费用将其消除。 Constant low levels of arsenic increase the risk of bladder, lung, and skin cancer.砷保持低的水平增加了膀胱，肺癌的风险，和皮肤癌。 Currently, under a standard set almost 50 years ago, the allowable level of arsenic is 50 parts per billion.目前，根据这项标准，近50年前，允许的砷水平是10亿分之50。 These levels, according to the National Academy of Sciences, pose a lifetime cancer risk of 1 in 100 if you drink about two quarts of water a day.这些级别，根据美国国家科学院，造成100 1 1一生癌症的风险，如果你喝的水大约两夸脱一天。 (No food additive that posed such a high risk would be allowed on the market.) The EPA was preparing to reduce permissible levels to 10 parts per billion—levels that many experts still consider too high. （没有食品添加剂，提出这样的高风险将在市场上允许的。）环保局准备允许减少到10亿分之层次，许多专家仍认为太高。 Unless you live in central California, Nevada, New Mexico, or Arizona, it's unlikely that your water has high levels of arsenic.除非你在加州中部，内华达州，新墨西哥州，亚利桑那州或活这不太可能，你水的砷污染。
+ y4 ?+ E. E, c6 \) P8 |怎么办：如果你住在这些地区之一，请您对您的水砷含量当地公用事业。 If you have a private well, call the EPA for a list of labs that can check this for you.如果你有一个私人良好，要求对实验室名单，可以帮你这个环保局。 If your water proves to have a high arsenic content (higher than 10 parts per billion, which is the standard set by the World Health Organization), consider installing a distilling device or reverse osmosis filter.如果你的水证明具有较高的砷含量（高于十亿分之十，这是由世界卫生组织的标准），可以考虑安装一个蒸馏装置或反渗透过滤器。
) z& i9 k, Q$ B# [
If you choose to use bottled water to avoid arsenic, be sure you obtain a certificate from the supplier that the arsenic content in what you're buying is below 10 parts per billion (equal to 10 micrograms per liter).如果您选择使用瓶装水，以避免砷，确保您获得一个供应商说，在你买什么砷含量低于10亿分之是证书（相当于每公升10微克）。

西山

注意下文对软水机和净水器的说法。红字。
过滤水

If you are simply trying to improve the taste of your water, a filtering pitcher will do.如果您只是想提高您的水的味道，过滤投手会。 But if you are trying to remove lead, arsenic, or specific contaminants, you may want a permanent installation.但是如果你正试图消除铅，砷，或特定污染物，您可能需要一个永久的安装。 Before you buy, be sure you know which contaminants the system will filter out.在你买，一定要知道的污染物系统将过滤掉。 NSF is an excellent source of information. NSF是一个极好的信息来源。
4 n6 L8 |" {5 i: P. I! n
( h9 q4 }( m7 O, N. N3 o  gWater filtration systems come in two basic types, ranging from cheap to expensive:水过滤系统有两种基本类型，从昂贵的价格不等：
' @% m1 k, |% M# q9 A6 p
1 Q- v: T6 F- \6 P8 o1 J• Point-of-entry systems are installed on the main water supply and treat most or all the water entering a house. • 点的输入系统安装在主要的水供应和治疗大部分或全部的水进入房子。 These include water softeners, which remove calcium and magnesium[img].这包括水软化剂，它消除钙和镁。[/img] There's no harm in drinking softened water, and it does not cause heart disease, as has been alleged.没有饮用水软化水伤害，它不会引起心脏病，
• Point-of-use systems include faucet-mounted filters, faucets with built-in filters, pitchers, and under-the-sink filters. • 点的使用系统包括水龙头安装过滤器，内置过滤器，水壶，水龙头下，在-水槽过滤器。
8 G) Y5 I  l, V0 k6 v
1 E8 U* l1 R8 g' k" UWhether it's installed under the sink or at point-of-entry, the most effective filter is a reverse-osmosis system, which filters out lead and other toxic metals and other contaminants.无论是安装在水槽或点式进入，最有效的过滤器是一个逆渗透系统，过滤出铅和其他有毒重金属及其他污染物。 This type of filter can be expensive ($500 to $1,000 or more) and the cartridges have to be replaced every year at a cost of up to $200.这种过滤器类型可以是昂贵（500美元至1,000美元或以上）及墨盒必须更换每年在其总成本高达200美元。

& J7 S3 t) c/ N, r2 |: e2 NFaucet-mounted systems and faucets with built-in filters work well against specific contaminants (check the labels and NSF certificates), as do most countertop pitchers.水龙头安装系统和内置的水龙头在过滤器的工作以及对特定的污染物（检查标签和NSF证书），象大多数台面投手。 Simpler systems such as these represent a small investment, but replacement filters can cost as much as $100 a year.简单的系统，如这些只占一小部分的投资，但更换过滤器的费用高达每年100美元。

西山

欲了解更多信息

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): phone 202-260-5543. • 环境保护局（EPA）：电话202-260-5543。 Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 800-426-4791. 安全饮用水热线：800-426-4791。
$ M/ v  B/ L6 P( Z+ a$ m$ q. H
• NSF International: phone toll-free in US, 800-NSF-MARK; otherwise 734-769-8010. •NSF国际：手机拨打美国免费800-NSF-MARK，否则734-769-8010。 For questions on consumer products, call 877-867-3435. To get The Consumer's Guide to Safe Drinking Water, which lists the water-treatment units tested by NSF and the contaminants they remove, send $7 to NSF Inter-national, Consumer Affairs Office, PO Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140. 对于消费类产品的疑问，请打电话877-867-3435。为了让消费者指南安全的饮用水，其中列出了水，由国家科学基金会测试处理污染物的单位和它们删除，发送700至NSF的跨国家，消费者事务办公室，邮政信箱一十三万○一百四十○，789 N. Dixboro道，密歇根州安阿伯48113-0140。

• Natural Resources Defense Council: phone 212-727-2700. • 自然资源保护委员会：电话212-727-2700。

* x- d" }6 g4 k7 R+ _; {• Food and Drug Administration (FDA): phone 888-INFO-FDA. • 食品和药物管理局（FDA）：电话888-INFO-FDA。

• International Bottled Water Association (IBWA): its members (accounting for 80% of the water bottled in the US) must test annually for contaminants and are open to unannounced inspections by NSF. • 国际瓶装水协会（IBWA）：其成员（占80在美国瓶装水的％）每年必须检验污染物 ， 是由国家科学基金会 ， 以开放的突击检查。 Phone 703-683-5213 or its information hotline at 800-WATER11. 电话703-683-5213或其信息热线800 - WATER11。

西山

文中主要说明了水中有可能对人造成的伤害，说明了软水对人无害。说明了净水器呵RO机的作用。美国吧净水器叫做过滤投手。
水中不要添加食品添加剂。没有食品添加剂，提出这样的高风险将在市场上允许的。）环保局准备允许减少到10亿分之层次，许多专家仍认为太高。
! N+ y0 d5 G; k4 J! v3 d改善口感。如果您只是想提高您的水的味道，过滤投手会。
6 T' P2 A' A, K% p 最有效的装置---RO机。   无论是安装在水槽或点式进入，最有效的过滤器是一个逆渗透系统，过滤出铅和其他有毒重金属及其他污染物。         
软水无害对人体。             没有饮用水软化水伤害，它不会引起心脏病，      

bear.wu

楼主可真好学啊。

zhangjianfang18

也是的，好学也好啊，给发点大家都实用的

西山

还要向大家多多学习，

飞扬在天

我可以理解成楼主在用翻译软件在翻译么?
+ A# i3 q, C, s- S2 e
$ E& X8 V; L, q8 F2 g  r! W0 M/ a这种文章并不具备权威性和正确性, 只是某一类人的论文吧了. 不涉及正确与否

西山

不好意思，哈哈，确实是翻译软件翻译的。不是论文。下面是连接
http://www.wellnessletter.com/html/fw/fwLon12Water.html

西山

个人感觉还是比较客观得说明了水机和水的状况。

飞扬在天

这是一篇针对井水作为水源的情况下的水处理文章.
) Z9 ?( b5 L) m
" ]$ p3 x! c$ P' D4 @) `3 g# J和我们自来水作为水源是有很大不同的.
9 ~( a$ ~! P# F0 x; }2 m
. Y' h! Q1 E. j9 z/ n( v- N( ^另外不得不提醒一下,在中国私打深井貌似是违法行为哦.

西山

飞扬，我真郁闷了。不知道你看清楚没？市政水的微生物，微生物，有机和无机化学品，消毒剂，消毒副产物和放射性物质。如果你的一份报告并没有在邮件中来，打电话给你的自来水公司。

西山

怎么会是井水的文章。文中主要说的是市政水。也提到了井水。是说美国使用水的情况，